Posts Tagged ‘d’

Risk to Reward Ratio

August 15th, 2009

Many new traders think that a good entry into the markets for each trade is the key to success. Most are wrong, unfortunately. What is more important is trading with a good risk to reward ratio that has a high probability to making a profit. A risk to reward ratio compares the potential for reward with the potential for loss.

Risk is measured by the pips between the forecasted entry price and the forecasted price at which you want to exit the market in case of a losing trade. Risk is just a measure of how much you can lose in a trade. A trader must view each trade as a business transaction.

Reward is calculated by the pips between the forecasted entry price and the forecasted price at which you would want to exit the market in case of a winning trade. Reward is the expected number of pips that you want to make in a trade that will be a winner.

In order to manage risk properly, you need to look for high probability trades that have a risk to reward ratio of 1:2 or higher. However, this depends on the time frame that you want to trade. For example, suppose you are a day trader. You are looking for making only 30 pips in a trade. A stop loss of 15 pips is sufficient for the risk to reward ratio of 1:2.

However, suppose you are a swing trader or a position trader with a longer time frame. Your profit potential will be more on a longer time frame. Suppose you choose 200 pips as your expected profit. You will need to set your stop loss at 100 pips.

The reason that you need to set a higher stop loss is that on a larger time frame, small trends occur within the larger trend. Retracements on shorter time frame is much smaller as compared on the larger time frame. Your trade is going to be recycled. In order to be not stopped out, you need to calculate your risk to reward ratio appropriately.

You must agree that next to maximizing profits, the second most important thing for you is minimizing losses. A trading system that wins 50% of the time can still be profitable. The unfortunate thing about most of the traders is that they want to make money but dont know how to protect what they currently have.

You have 50/50 chance of market going your way just like flipping a coin. In case, the trade does not develop in your favor, you should cut your losses by using stop losses. In short, you cut your losses and let your winners run. This simple 50/50 strategy earns a profit even when a novice trader might experience a loss.

Consider the following different risk to reward ratios. For 2:1 risk to reward ratio, you will need 67% winners just to break even. For 1:1 risk to reward ratio, it means 50% winners to break even. 1:2 ratio means 33.5%. As I have said before, never ever trade when the risk to reward ratio is more than 1:2.

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A Concise Explaination of Property Preservation

August 14th, 2009

Youve just purchased your first rental property in a thriving and healthy neighborhood. You envision the perfect tenant; family of four with a dog, a cat, and two careers. You place your ad, you interview way too many couples and finally you decide on what you think will be that perfect tenant. You feel confident they will respect and help preserve the home, the land and the neighborhood. It doesnt take long before you are receiving message after message involving needed repairs and maintenance for the property; shortage in a plug, screen missing from bedroom window, water tank is leaking, and Mr. Tenant seems to have an attitude on the answering machine. As the landlord, property preservation has now become your top priority.

When you have a professional property preservation company, some of the services include an inspection of the property to be done and any issues to be noted. All areas will be inspected to have careful documentation of all carpets, floors, walls, doors and trim, and appliances within the property, heat sources and plumbing. A property preservation company may also want to take careful notice of the outside of your property. Any landscaping, pool or recreational equipment that you may have included with your property. All of these items should be meticulously documented prior to allowing anyone to take possession of your property.

Should a property owners worst nightmare happen and an eviction becomes necessary, a qualified property preservation company will offer those who need them eviction support services along with additional services like lock changing as well. A property preservation company can also handle any clean out or debris removal you may need and assist you in securing your property. The kind of assistance that a property preservation company can provide can be crucial in minimizing the damage to your property.

Dealing with damages to the property or surrounding property can also be a heavy undertaking. If lightning decides to strike that beautiful oak in the back of the property, and part of that beautiful old oak falls and damages the fencing surrounding the property, its the landlords responsibility to take care of it. If a water pipe bursts underneath the property, guess who gets to foot the bill? What if the kids, the dog and the cat are having a play day inside and a hole mysteriously appears in the wall at the end of the hallway? Your phone will be ringing early the next morning for sure. These are just a few of the many damages that could occur on your perfect property at any given time.

Whew! Who would have thought being a landlord would involve more than just collecting rent? You realize you need help. Well, its out there in the form of a qualified property preservation company. This entity can handle it all: rent collection, maintenance, inspections, lock changes, evictions, repairs, winterizations, rubbish removal, yard maintenance and code violation abatement. But do your homework and make sure the company is certified and has the experience and know how to keep your dream investment property just that.

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More on Technical Indicators

August 14th, 2009

Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) is the difference between the 26 day and 12 day exponential moving average. A 9 day exponential moving average called the signal or a trigger is plotted on top of MACD to show buy sell opportunities.

You can use MACD in three ways: Crossover, overbought/oversold conditions and divergences. In wide swinging markets, MACD proves most effective. When MACD falls below the signal line, the basic rule is to sell. Similarly, when MACD rises above the signal line and cuts it from below, it is a buy signal.

When the shorter moving average pulls away from the longer moving average, it is likely the price is overextended itself. This indicates, it will comeback to the realistic levels soon. MACD is also very useful tool in telling whether the market is overbought or oversold.

An indication that an end to the current trend may occur soon is when MACD diverges from the currency pair. A bearish divergence occurs when MACD is making new lows and the currency price fails to reach those lows. Similarly, a bullish divergence occurs when the MACD is making new highs but the currency price fails to reach those highs.

Momentum is an oscillator that indicates the rate of price change not the actual price level and it is the net difference between the currency pair closing price and the oldest closing price from the predetermined period. The signal is triggered when the oscillator crosses the zero line. The more responsive the momentum oscillator will be to the short term price fluctuations, the shorter the number of days included in the calculations.

Another important technical indicator is the Relative Strength Index (RSI). It indicates a markets current strength or weaknesses depending on where the prices close during a given period. RSI is plotted on a scale of 01-100. A buy signal is triggered when RSI moves up from the lower band above 30. Similarly, a sell signal is triggered when RSI moves down from the upper band and comes down below a level usually set at 70.

Rate of Change (ROC) is another version of momentum oscillator sometimes used. Instead of subtracting the oldest closing price from the current closing price, the ROC formula divides the current closing price with the oldest closing price.

One of the most popular indictors is the Volume Indicator. It is used to show the strength of an up or down movement. A movement accompanied by an increasing volume is more likely to continue strongly than a movement accompanied with decreasing volume.

Many traders use volume indicator as their only tool in trading. Others use it in conjunction with charts, economic news and geopolitical news. The Volume Indicator is a great source of confirmation, entry and exit signals and overall trading decisions. Learn to use these technical indicators. Become comfortable in using them and discerning trends on different currency pairs and time intervals.

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Do Not Be Involved In A Self Help Eviction

August 13th, 2009

Self help eviction is when you take your own actions to kick out a tenant without going through the courts. There are procedures you have to go through with the court and that is the only legal way you can evict a tenant.

A self help eviction is any one of the following actions to remove a non-paying tenant from your home: changing the locks to prevent the tenant from entering your property, threatening the tenant, turning off vital utility services, and remove a tenant’s personal property.

Never threaten self help eviction in order to get the non-paying tenant out. You can not threaten a tenant with changing the locks or shutting off the phone. Almost every state has statutes that prohibit threats of self help eviction.

If you are dragged into court for a self help eviction, the judge won’t care that the tenants were behind on the rent. If the tenant is in possession of the premises, and you want him out, and he won’t leave, you have to go through the correct procedures with the court.

Do not even think about engaging in a self help eviction. There have been many cases where a landlord removed a tenant’s personal property and put it on the sidewalk or even in the trash. A judge could easily award your non-paying tenant with a $20,000 damages award. Most judges will not require the tenant to produce receipts for his belongings because such proof of purchase could have been disposed of in the lock out.

There is also a law you can be sued under called the common law intentional torts of conversion. This is simply fancy legal wording that means the exercise of control over an item in a manner inconsistent with the rights of its owner which permanently deprives the owner of its value. You can also be sued for trespass to chattels which means which is the same as the law above but which temporarily deprives the owner of its value. And of course you can be sued for trespass which is the unlawful entry upon the property of another enjoying right to possession. Because these claims for relief are intentional torts, if court can award not only nominal damages, but punitive damages plus attorney fees as well.

Take a look at WILLIAM SPANO v. HANNA ABDALLA South Carolina Superior Court (October 3, 2002) Hanna Abdulla engaged in the act of self help eviction by changing the locks and removing William Spano’s personal property from the premise to the sidewalk. Hanna Abdulla’s defense was that she thought the tenant had abandoned the premises (she should have posted an abandonment notice but she did not). The court was not convinced that she was telling the truth and awarded Spano $1,800 for the three months of rent expense he incurred to live elsewhere. The court further awarded $1,200 in punitive damages and attorneys fees.

In the case of Gordon v. Morris, 2001 Ohio App. (February 2, 2001) the landlord changed the locks just before the end of the month upon learning that the tenants had shut off the utilities and removed most of their belongings. The trial court awarded the tenants only $96.77 in actual damages (they had paid rent through the end of the month but were deprived of the use of the apartment, and this was the prorated amount). But the trial court further awarded $1,000.00 in punitive damages and $1,462.00 in attorneys fees.

I often hear owners complain that the courts are siding with the tenant and not owners. This is simply not true. The courts are not siding with non-paying tenants. What the courts are doing is trying to prevent violence in our society that frequently occurs over the struggle for the possession of land. Think about this. If it was legal for a landlord to turn off the electricity or to change the locks, that same tenant could turn violent and club you to death. While on the surface it might seem like the courts are on the side of the tenant, they are actually protecting you. Just follow the court approved procedure for evicting a tenant and you’ll be fine. If you don’t know the legal way to evict a tenant, then hire the surfaces of a professional property management company.

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Using Holiday Reviews When Travelling To Cuba

August 10th, 2009

Travelling is not a simple thing. Travelling has always been a serious matter and a lot of individuals place travelling very high in terms of degree of significance. In any case whether any person plans a business tour or any recreational trip, either ways a person should be well informed with the facts and the realities about the place he wants to visit. Lack of knowledge in this regard can not be vindicated.

Not only will people take advantage of it, but also it will cost you a lot more than your actual budget. An ignorant person is most likely to be fooled by others. Therefore, it is in your best interest to gain all the information that you can.

Imagine yourself being lost in a maze when it is dark. You will be struck by feelings of fear, anxiety, curiosity, and bewilderment. It will be a total chaos. Now envision that you by a strike of good luck get a map and a lantern. Wouldn’t you be relieved? Holiday reviews are just like map and lantern in this situation. They serve as guidelines for prospect travellers.

A great number of tourists get benefit from holiday reviews when travelling to Cuba for this same motive. They want to be on the precise track and not get trapped because of unawareness. If you wish to know about the holiday reviews; as the name describes, these holiday reviews are the facts and information material that helps tourists in getting to recognize all facts about the place they have planned to visit. The reviewers share their views and this helps the future tourists get well equipped for the journey.

Cuba is an expensive city, particularly for tourists. There have been some reports that the tourists are most of the times charged with a greater cost on many objects like food, travelling, or other shopping goods. In order to pay reasonably for a commodity or a service in Cuba, it is necessary for the prospect tourist to be updated with the present prices and charges.

Many holiday review sites offer rates of the concerned products and services along with the places to be visited. By knowing such facts before hand one can also work out the total budget that will be required for the tour and can therefore make a financial plan. This is undoubtedly going to benefit you.

Never miss out the must to do things in Cuba and for this reason many prospect tourist refers to holiday reviews, when planning to travel to Cuba. If any individual is going for a short trip, then he would wish to see the most central places that subsist in the area. With the help of reviews, he can plan his itinerary and set his priorities accurately. He will also know what to expect when travelling to Cuba and hence be prepared subsequently.

Conclusively you set the moderate expectations that are something which is morally apt to do. You should not expect a lot as you may find disappointment. However, with the help of reviews, you will know what you are most likely to witness. During our journeys, we make mistakes that we regret. Reviewers share their experiences and any mistake they have made, which might have cost them something. Their story will help the prospect tourist to be careful in that similar regards narrowing down the possibilities of any errors that are in likely to happen. Holiday reviews are most likely to assist you get well organised and equipped to visit Cuba in a great manner.

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Learn To Choose The Right Currency Pair For Trading

July 29th, 2009

While deciding which currency pair to trade, many traders make the mistake of forming their opinion around only one currency in the pair, ignoring the other currency. Right choice of the currency pair is essential for making profitable trades.

Most of the trades involve US Dollar as either the base currency or the counter currency. Many traders make the mistake of only studying the economic factors that have the potential of affecting dollar.

This neglect of the second currencys economic conditions can greatly hinder the profitability of the trade. This neglect also makes the odds of a loss high.

When trading against a strong economy, the chances of failure are more. The weak currency could flop badly while the strong currency may appreciate more than you calculated.

While choosing a currency pair to trade, one should study the economies of both the currencies. Finding the strong economy/weak economy pairing is the best strategy to use when maximizing returns.

Lets take an example, FED announced its intention of containing inflation in March 22, 2005 Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting. Most of the other currencies tanked against the dollar on the release of the announcement. Other positive economic data also reinforced the dollar.

While after the initial tanking, GBP rebounded and recovered its strength, due to the impressive economic growth of British economy at that time. Yen kept on depreciating. Japanese economy was weak in those days. Dollar gained more than 300 pips in two weeks against the Yen.

It is apparent that USD strength had a much higher impact on the struggling Yen as compared to the consistently strong GBP. Trading USD/Yen would have been more profitable as compared to trading USD/GBP.

When you choose a currency pair, study the economies of both the currencies in the pair. You also need to examine the behavior of various crosses. In nutshell, the best choice is always choose the strong economy/weak economy currencies.

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Trading The Crosses

July 28th, 2009

It is of utmost importance for individual/retail traders to find the best currency pair to trade. As a retail trader, you will only have $1,000 to $10,000 in your trading account. For you, opportunity cost is a real cost as an individual trader. If you commit your funds to anyone currency pair, those funds cannot be used in other possibly more profitable trades in other currency pairs.

In forex trading, almost every currency pair is linked to another, one way or the other. As an individual/retail trader, if you only trade USD, you risk missing promising trades and opportunities offered by other currency pairs especially the crosses.

Although most of the dealing is done through the direct buying/selling of US dollar, you should always keep an eye on the crosses in order to gauge the strength/weaknesses of a currency. This will in the end tell you which pair is the best to trade.

What are the crosses? Any currency pair that does not involve the dollar is known as a Cross such as EUR/JPY, EUR/AUD, CHF/GBP, EUR/GBP etc. Almost 90% of the currency pairs that are actively traded involve the US dollar. Simply put, over 90% of the all the currency trades have US Dollar on one side of the trade. So why trade a cross?

Lets make it clear with a simple example. A good method to trade stocks is from big to small. Suppose, you think that the stock market is rebounding and is expected to rise in the near future. You have limited funds at your disposal as an individual/retail investor; so you should choose the best stocks that can give you good ROI.

It would be good to look at the sector specific indices like health, energy, transport, education, technology. Find the most promising sector among them. Once you have identified a promising sector, you should look within that sector. Find the most promising companies that are expected to perform well over the coming months and buy their stocks. This big to small thinking is very solid. You need to think in the same manner while trading currencies.

Cross movements should never be overlooked. Cross movements can often hide the footsteps of large players. A major investor may be bullish on Euro due to some fundamental reasons. He may try to fly under the radar and buy Euros against Swiss Francs, Pound Sterling, and Yen etc.

Crosses are extremely important to swing or momentum traders! They are used as forecasting tools to predict which currencies lead the pack. Ignore the crosses and you will be often stuck with currency pairs that do not move much.

Limited funds in your account means you should always try to choose the currency pair that is expected to move the most. But, how exactly can you come to a reasonable conclusion? By taking a look at the crosses!

Cross movements either work to amplify the move of a major currency pair or minimize the effects. For example, in EUR/USD, if Euro is dropping against US Dollar but rising against the Pound, the net effect would be to limit the size of the EUR/USD fall. If ERU/GBP is rising, it is telling us that the Euro is outperforming the British Pound.

Limited funds means you need to choose the best currency pair? Any EUR/USD selling pressure is likely to be offset by the buying pressure of EUR/GBP. GBP/USD sales are likely to be amplified by the cross sales EUR/GBP.

Since, EUR/GBP is rising; it is a better bet to short Pound instead of Euro. This means you should choose the pair GBP/USD. If we had randomly picked one of the two currency pairs for shorting, we may have missed a great trade.

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Learn To Trade Like A Hedge Fund Manager (Part I)

July 25th, 2009

The difference between a professional trader and an amateur trader is that a professional trader never goes into a trade blindly. You see hedge fund managers have to show good results to their investors in order to solicit their investments into their funds. Hedge fund managers have to convince their clients that they have a battle tested strategy.

As retail or individual traders, our $10,000 account is just as important as any $20 million hedge fund. In fact, our $10,000 account is more important. We are staking our own hard earned money on trading compared to a hedge fund manager. He is most likely trading with other peoples money.

Most of the hedge fund managers follow a step by step process to develop their forex trading strategies. There is no reason why should we as individual traders also not follow that step by step process to develop our own trading strategies. We cant afford to lose our hard earned money in unsuccessful trading.

One thing should be clear; every trader has to find his/her own edge. We can learn from others. But in the end, it is our own methods and insights that will make us succeed as forex traders in the long run. Lets discuss the step by step process of developing our own trading strategy like the hedge fund managers.

Properly define your trading strategy. Every hedge fund manager like every trader follows a different methodology. Some use fundamental analysis. Other use technical analysis.

The first thing that you need to figure out is the style of trading that best suits you and what type of trader you are. Are you a short term trader like most day traders? Are you a long term trader and want to swing trade or position trade?

From the start, figure out whether you want to trade based on fundamentals or technicals or a combination of both. Hedge fund managers develop their trading strategies by defining clear cut trading rules and coding them. This way the hedge fund managers avoid the pitfalls of emotional trading.

Trading based on emotion is dangerous and can and will ruin you as a trader. Make your forex system rule based to make your trading as unemotional as possible.

You need to decide whether you want to be a news trader or you will use technical indicators in your trading. You need to pick a few currency pairs and become master of their behavior. Not all currency pairs are created equal and you need to focus on only a few to become a successful long term trader.

Every currency pair requires a different trading strategy to succeed. You need to understand this. Some strategies work best on one currency pair but dont work on others. Read more in Part II of this article how hedge fund managers develop their trading strategies.

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Vacation Rental Marketing – All You Need To Know

July 23rd, 2009

Apartments and apartment buildings or apartment complexes are income properties and business ventures to landlords everywhere in the world. As is true with any other type of business, landlords need customers to sustain them financially.

Customers in the apartment rental type of businesses are called renters or tenants and they are attracted through a variety of apartment marketing strategies which include but are not limited to apartment rental advertising in the printed media as well as through apartment Internet marketing at the countless websites which provide apartment and house rental advertising services to both side of the equation – the landlords and the tenants.

Because rental apartments are a business and in light of the current weak global economy, most landlords go out of their way to cut costs while at the same time attempting to increase their revenues and preserve the value of their properties.

Children may be viewed as miraculous assets to their families and friends but they are considered to be financial liabilities to landlords for a variety of reasonable, although unfair, reasons:

Children tend to be noisy and make their properties less desirable to other “more upstanding” tenants.As babies they cry; as toddlers they run around banging toys; as pubescents (pre-teens) they are prone to fits of vocal anger; and as teens they play loud music, have wild parties, smoke, drink and talk dirty. Children tend to be dirty and so many other tenants may not appreciate the potential stench. Infants produce diapers filled with poop; toddlers play with chalk, crayons and mud; pre-teens toss rubbish; and teens simply don’t bath. Children tend to attract more children and soon their properties are swarming with little urchins. As if tolerating tenant children is not bad enough, children and parents of children tend to invite other children for playtime, parties and dates.

Vacation rental marketing What You Should Know

There may be some or a whole lot of legitimacy and truth to these harsh allegations.However, we all know that tenants are often part of families which include children and they are every bit deserving as anyone else to have a safe and secure place to live, particularly when children are involved.

To protect tenants with children against discrimination, groups with authority and civil rights organizations have been instrumental in instituting laws that are aimed at preventing landlords from baring families with children into their rental properties.These laws are known as Fair Housing Acts in the United States but other nations have equivalent laws called different things.

Most of such laws define children as individuals who are under the age of 18 and they include children whose relationship to the applying tenants is biological, adoptive or through the legal proceedings of guardianship.These shielding laws also protect tenants who are expecting a child whether through natural birth or proceedings for adoption or guardianship.

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Regardless of how they are called, these laws make provisions for strict enforcement and punitive consequences for offending landlords. In spite of that, many landlords still continually dismiss tenants or prospective tenants off their properties because they have children. So, many of them end up being reported, sentenced and charged with heavy fines for breaking the law.

Now, if I may be so bold, I would like to offer a few words of advice to landlords and tenants with children.

To the landlords I would like to say: Get over yourselves and remember that you too were children once.

To tenants with children I’d like first of all extend my congratulations for being so lucky. Secondly, I’d like to remind them to be good neighbors by practicing good renting etiquettes and teaching their children to do the same.

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House Rental Advertising -Some Powerful Tips

July 23rd, 2009

It would be terrifically nice if people in relationships (personal and professional) got along just because.Unfortunately, that isn’t what always happens, especially when money is involved. So, governments and all kinds of official groups come in with rules which tell people how to behave under certain circumstances and how not to. Such lists also provide detailed lists which indicate how those who fail to follow the rules get reprimanded or punished.

Take that little bit of extra time with your Apartment marketing plan, because it should not be rushed.

The fact is that world population has been moving steadily upwards while the global economy has been heading downwards in the last few years. So, there are more people who are looking for more apartment rentals because many of them cannot afford to buy real estate. That is how apartment marketing became such a huge business all over the world (after all, people have to live somewhere).

Sets of guidelines have been written into official books as laws and regulations. These all focus on Tenant / Landlord Relations which are intended to protect both sides – the tenants and the landlords – as fairly and justly as is possible.

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Let’s take a quick peek at the process that leads up to the Tenant / Landlord Relations which involves rental marketing and then advertising rentals which is meant to attract the right tenants who will occupy the vacancy and pay for the privilege.

To advertise a rental property, the landlord can place ads in the local, national or international printed newspapers, magazines or periodicals. The landlord can also apply with agencies as well as post “For Rent” signs in front of the vacant property. But, since the World Wide Web (WWW) and the Internet have been invented, apartment advertising can be handled with much more effective.

Today, the Internet is filled with websites that are quick, easy and convenient as they provide beneficial services to landlords and tenants. For landlords, they provide the ultimate exposure to their vacant apartments by getting them listed in many online sites, search directories, social networks as well as video portals. For tenants, these online services are easy-to-get-to sources for listed vacant apartments.

Although the Internet has become the source for everything for many people, some still prefer taking the old fashioned route and that’s OK because it take all kinds to make the world go around.Don’t forget that we’re talking about Relations here.

Whichever method of advertising the landlord chooses, it is up to him or her to investigate the desirability of the want-to-be tenant. In a similar way, it is the responsibility of the tenant to closely consider what is being offered (the apartment) and who is doing the offering (the landlord).

When the two sides are sure that they have found a good match, the Tenant / Landlord Relations begin with the signing of a written contract (or an agreement) which is legally endorsed by the local authorities. Such a contract must spell out the landlord’s obligations, the tenant’s commitments, and the means by which to resolve disputes between the two entities, if and when disputes arise.

As is true with all other relationships, Tenant / Landlord Relations are all about the rights, the obligations and the commitments of the landlord toward the tenant and vice versa, of the tenant toward the landlord.

Because every tenant deserves to live in a descent place, landlords must:

Provide apartment which comply with the minimum codes for the health and safety of the tenants. Do whatever they have to in order to sustain the rental quarters in conditions that are conducive to safety of their tenants. Ensure that the common areas of the rental property are safe. Keep all facilities, appliances and systems (electrical, plumbing, sanitation, heating, air conditioning, ventilation, and so on) in safe working conditions. Establish a well maintained system for removal of garbage. Supply clean running cold as well as hot water.

Because each and every landlord deserves thier property to be treated respectfully, tenants are obligated to:

Keep their rented spaces in compliance with health and safety. Keep their rented spaces clean and damage-free while occupying it. Leave the rented spaces as clean and damage-free upon vacancy as they found them when occupancy began. Use the system provided for removal of garbage safely. Use all provided facilities, appliances and systems (electrical, plumbing, sanitation, heating, air conditioning, ventilation, and so on) reasonably and safely. Refrain from purposely or carelessly damage, destroy, deface or remove any part of the rented space. Display considerate and peaceful behavior toward other tenants, landlords and/or neighbors. Adhere to all the dos and don’ts spelled out within the signed rental contract.

All quarrel or disagreements between tenants and landlords which cannot be peacefully resolved otherwise, are taken up in courts of law which are authorized to issue verdicts that can include monitory fines, jail sentences and a variety of community services.

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